Genetic Susceptibility Modifies Relationships Between Air Pollutants and Stroke Risk: A Large Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The extent to which genetic susceptibility modifies the associations between air pollutants and the risk of incident stroke is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate the separate and joint associations of long-term exposure to air pollutants and genetic susceptibility on stroke risk. METHODS: The participants of this study were recruited by the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. These participants were followed up from the enrollment until the occurrence of stroke events or censoring of data. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for stroke events associated with long-term exposure to air pollutants were estimated by fitting both crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Additionally, the polygenic risk score was calculated to estimate whether the polygenic risk score modifies the associations between exposure to air pollutants and incident stroke. RESULTS: A total of 502 480 subjects were included in this study. After exclusion, 452 196 participants were taken into the final analysis. During a median follow-up time of 11.7 years, 11 334 stroke events were observed, with a mean age of 61.60 years, and men accounted for 56.2% of the total cases. Long-term exposures to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (adjusted HR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.43-2.03]) or particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (adjusted HR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.36-1.66]), nitrogen dioxide (adjusted HR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.07-1.12]), and nitrogen oxide (adjusted HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.05]) were pronouncedly associated with increased risk of stroke. Meanwhile, participants with high genetic risk and exposure to high air pollutants had ≈45% (31%, 61%; particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm), 48% (33%, 65%; particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm), 51% (35%, 69%; nitrogen dioxide), and 39% (25%, 55%; nitrogen oxide) higher risk of stroke compared with those with low genetic risk and exposure to low air pollutants, respectively. Of note, we observed additive and multiplicative interactions between genetic susceptibility and air pollutants on stroke events. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exposure to air pollutants was associated with an increased risk of stroke, especially in populations at high genetic risk.

Possibilidades de integração entre a fonoaudiologia e a nutrição com base em produções nacionais / Possibilities of integration between speech therapy and nutrition based on national productions / Posibilidades de integración entre la terapia del lenguaje y la nutrición a partir de las producciones nacionales

Introdução: A atuação interdisciplinar entre a fonoaudiologia e a nutrição colabora para um atendimento mais integral entre os usuários da saúde, fato que demonstra a importância de pesquisar suas correlações. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe integração entre a atuação do fonoaudiólogo e do nutricionista, identificando as publicações existentes, as especialidades contempladas, bem como a atuação dos profissionais nos diferentes ciclos de vida e níveis de atenção à saúde. Metodologia: Foram analisados 3.551 artigos eletrônicos disponíveis eletronicamente dos periódicos CODAS, CEFAC, Distúrbios da Comunicação e Audiology Communication Research, entre os anos de 2013 e 2022, por meio de um Protocolo de Classificação de Artigos. Resultados: Dentre as publicações analisadas, 274 (7,7%) integram a Fonoaudiologia e a Nutrição, especialmente na Especialidade da Motricidade Orofacial (n=124; 26,9%), no Ciclo Vital Infantil (n=132; 43%) e no Nível de Atenção Secundário (n=97; 35,4%). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que existe interface entre as duas profissões, porém, ainda é necessário fortalecer a atuação nos diferentes ciclos de vida. Além disso, incentivar a prática profissional em outros níveis de atenção, especialmente na primária, para prevenção dos distúrbios alimentares e promoção da alimentação saudável entre usuários do sistema de saúde.

Introduction: Interdisciplinary performance between speech therapy and nutrition contributes to a more integral care among health users, a fact that demonstrates the importance of researching their correlations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify if there is integration between the performance of the speech therapist and nutritionist, identifying the existing publications, the specialities contemplated, as well the performance of professionals in different life cycles and levels of health care. Methods: 3.551 electronic articles were analyzed, in the electronic journals CODAS, CEFAC, Distúrbios da Comunicação and Audiology Communication Research, between the years 2013 and 2022, through an Article Classification Protocol. Results: Among the analyzed publications, 274 (7,7%) integrate Speech Language and Hearing Sciences and Nutrition, especially in orofacial motricity (n=124; 26,9%), Children's Life Cycle (n=132; 43%), and secondary care level (n=97; 35,4%). Conclusion: it was concluded that there is an interface between the two professions, although it is still necessary to strengthen the performance in the different life cycles. Furthermore, to encourage professional practice at other levels of care, especially in the primary, to prevent nourishment disorders and promote healthy eating among users of the health system

Introducción: El rendimiento interdisciplinario entre la terapia del habla y la nutrición contribuye a una atención más integral entre los usuarios de la salud, un hecho que demuestra la importancia de investigar sus correlaciones. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si existe integración entre la terapia del habla y la nutricionista, identificando las publicaciones existentes, las especialidades contempladas, así como la actuación de los profesionales en diferentes ciclos de vida y niveles de atención a la salud. Métodos: Fueron analizados 3.551 artículos electrónicos, en las revistas electrónicas CODAS, CEFAC, Distúrbios da Comunicação y Audiology Communication Research, entre los años 2013 a 2022, a través de un Protocolo de Clasificación de Artículos. Resultados: Entre las publicaciones analizadas, 274 (7,7%) integran terapia del habla y Nutrición, especialmente en motricidad orofacial (n=124; 26,9%), Ciclo de Vida Infantil (n=132; 43%), y secundaria nivel asistencial (n=97; 35,4%). Conclusións: Se concluyó que existe una interfaz entre las dos profesiones, aunque aún es necesario fortalecer el desempeño en los diferentes ciclos de vida. Además, incentivar la práctica profesional en otros niveles de atención, especialmente en el primario, para prevenir trastornos de la alimentación y promover la alimentación saludable entre los usuarios del sistema de salud.

Ciclos de vida: análise das publicações na revista Distúrbios da Comunicação no período de 2016 a 2020 / Life cycles: analysis of publications in Communication Disorders Journal from 2016 to 2020 / Ciclos de vida: análisis de las publicaciones en la revista Disturbios de la Comunicación de 2016 a 2020

Introdução: ciclo de vida é atualmente considerado elemento essencial à formulação e implantação de políticas públicas pautadas no cuidado integral à saúde. Objetivo: analisar a produção científica da Revista Distúrbios da Comunicação no período de 2016 a 2020, tendo como objeto de discussão as publicações da área da Fonoaudiologia por ciclos de vida. Método: estudo retrospectivo, de abordagem metodológica bibliométrica, analisou 297 artigos considerando as seguintes variáveis: ano de publicação, registro da região geográfica (do primeiro autor), descritores, áreas temáticas, tipo de estudo e tamanho da amostra, segundo faixas etárias (0-6; 7-11; 12-18;19-59 e >60). A análise dos dados foi descritiva, numérica e percentual. Resultados: dos 297, estudos, 258 fizeram referência a uma ou mais faixas etárias e 39 não mencionaram qualquer idade. Dentre os 258, os estudos mais frequentes foram de criança (138; 46,2%), seguido pelos de adultos (122; 41,1%). A amostra variou quanto à mediana entre 27 (adulto) a 38 (crianças: 0-6 anos) sujeitos. A região Sudeste registrou maior número de artigos relacionados a todos os ciclos, assim como os estudos do tipo observacional, com destaque para os realizados com adultos (98; 33,9%). Pouca menção foi feita a descritores que identificam os ciclos de vida (75; 6%), sendo idoso (25; 38%) e criança (23; 35%) os mais registrados. Conclusão: os dados evidenciam a premência de alinhamento das pesquisas às políticas públicas de saúde, bem como ressalta a importância do uso de descritores adequados para maior circulação do conhecimento produzido pela área. (AU)

Introduction: life cycle is currently considered an essential element for the formulation and implementation of public policies based on comprehensive health care. Objective: to analyze the scientific production of Communication Disorders Journal from 2016 to 2020, having as an object of discussion publications in the field of Speech Therapy by life cycles. Method: a retrospective study, with a bibliometric methodological approach, analyzed 297 articles considering the following variables: year of publication, registration of the geographic region (of the first author), descriptors, thematic areas, type of study and sample size, according to age groups (0 -6; 7-11; 12-18; 19-59 and >60). Data analysis was descriptive, numerical and percentage. Results: of the 297 studies, 258 referred to one or more age groups and 39 did not mention any age. Among the 258, the most frequent studies were children (138; 46.2%), followed by adults (122; 41.1%). The sample ranged in terms of median from 27 (adult) to 38 (children: 0-6 years) subjects. The Southeast region recorded the highest number of articles related to all cycles, as well as observational studies, especially those carried out with adults (98; 33.9%). Little mention was made of descriptors that identify life cycles (75; 6%), being elderly (25; 38%) and children (23; 35%) the most registered. Conclusion: the data show the urgency of aligning research with public health policies, as well as highlighting the importance of using appropriate descriptors for greater circulation of knowledge produced by the area. (AU)

Introducción: el ciclo de vida es considerado en la actualidad un elemento esencial para la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas basadas en la atención integral de la salud. Objetivo: analizar la producción científica de la Disturbios de la Comunicación de 2016 a 2020, teniendo como objeto de discusión publicaciones en el campo de la Logopedia por ciclos de vida. Método: estudio retrospectivo, con enfoque metodológico bibliométrico, se analizaron 297 artículos considerando las siguientes variables: año de publicación, registro de la región geográfica (del primer autor), descriptores, áreas temáticas, tipo de estudio y tamaño de la muestra, según grupos de edad (0-6; 7-11; 12-18; 19-59 y >60). El análisis de los datos fue descriptivo, numérico y porcentual. Resultados: de los 297 estudios, 258 se refirieron a uno o más grupos de edad y 39 no mencionaron ninguna edad. Entre los 258, los estudios más frecuentes fueron los niños (138; 46,2%), seguidos de los adultos (122; 41,1%). La muestra osciló en términos de mediana de 27 (adultos) a 38 (niños: 0-6 años) sujetos. La región Sudeste registró el mayor número de artículos relacionados con todos los ciclos, además de estudios observacionales, en especial los realizados con adultos (98; 33,9%). Se hizo poca mención de descriptores que identifican ciclos de vida (75; 6%), siendo ancianos (25; 38%) y niños (23; 35%) los más registrados. Conclusión: los datos muestran la urgencia de alinear la investigación con las políticas públicas de salud, además de resaltar la importancia de utilizar descriptores apropiados para una mayor circulación del conocimiento producido por el área. (AU)

Pediatría: un enfoque integral desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad / Pediatrics: A Comprehensive Approach From its Origins to Present Day / Pediatria: uma abordagem integral desde suas origens até o presente

El término pediatría surge del griego paidos (niño) e iatrea (curación). Inicialmente, la pediatría fue descrita como una de las ramas independientes de la medicina en Europa Central durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX; se independizó de áreas como la obstetricia y la medicina interna de forma progresiva. Fue descrita por primera vez en 1722 en el tratado Paedojatreja práctica por el profesor de anatomía y teoría médica Theodor Zwinger de la Universidad de Basileam. Los escritos más antiguos de los que se tiene conocimiento de enfermedades en población pediátrica datan de 2100 a. de C., en donde primaba el componente mágico-religioso (1). En Colombia, sus primeros reportes inician en 1868 con el inicio de la época denominada «Segunda etapa de la medicina colombiana¼, tras la fundación de la Universidad de los Estados Unidos de Colombia en Bogotá, en donde se implementa la cátedra de obstetricia y patología especial de las mujeres y niños, por el médico y presidente Santos Acosta. Posteriormente, se separan las asignaturas de obstetricia y patología especial de las mujeres, originándose la cátedra opcional de patología e higiene de la infancia. En 1891, José Ignacio Barberi, bogotano graduado de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en el año 1881, se convierte en el primer especialista en dictar la asignatura Clínica infantil. En 1911, con la cátedra de pediatría en la Universidad de Antioquia, nace la especialidad en ese departamento, y el 27 de julio de 1917 se funda la Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría, la cual propende por el bienestar de los niños y adolescentes, su familia y la sociedad, para el desarrollo de la pediatría como disciplina del hombre (2,3).

The term pediatrics comes from the Greek paidos (child) and iatrike (medicine). Initially, pediatrics was described as one of the independent branches of medicine in Central Europe during the second half of the 19th century. It progressively became independent from areas such as obstetrics and internal medicine. It was first described in 1722 in the treatise Paedojatreja práctica by the professor of anatomy and medical theory Theodor Zwinger of the University of Basel. The oldest known works on diseases in the pediatric population date back to 2100 B.C., in which the magical-religious component was predominant (1). In Colombia, its first reports begin in 1868 with the start of the period called the "Second stage of Colombian medicine". After the foundation of the Universidad de los Estados Unidos de Colombia in Bogotá. The subject of obstetrics and special pathology of women and children was implemented by physician and President Santos Acosta. Subsequently, the subjects of obstetrics and special pathology of women were separated, creating the optional subject of childhood pathology and hygiene. In 1891, José Ignacio Barberi, a Bogotá native graduated from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in 1881, became the first specialist to teach the subject Children's medicine. In 1911, the specialization was born in the department of Antioquia with the subject of pediatrics at University of Antioquia. The Colombian Society of Pediatrics was founded on July 27, 1917, which advocates for the well-being of children and adolescents, their families and society, to develop pediatrics as a human discipline (2,3).

O termo pediatria vem do grego paidos (criança) e iatrea (cura). Inicialmente, a pediatria foi descrita como um dos ramos independentes da medicina na Europa Central durante a segunda metade do século XIX; tornou-se progressivamente independente de áreas como obstetrícia e medicina interna. Foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1722 no tratado Paedojatreja prática de Theodor Zwinger, professor de anatomia e teoria médica na Universidade de Basileam. Os escritos mais antigos de que se tem conhecimento sobre doenças na população pediátrica datam de 2100 a.C., o componente mágico-religioso era predominante (1). Na Colômbia, seus primeiros relatos começam em 1868 com o início da era denominada «Segunda etapa da medicina colombiana¼, após a fundação da Universidade dos Estados Unidos da Colômbia em Bogotá, onde foi implantada a cátedra de obstetrícia e patologia especial de mulheres e crianças, pelo médico e presidente Santos Acosta. Posteriormente, separam-se as disciplinas de obstetrícia e patologia especial de mulheres, dando origem à cadeira facultativa de patologia e higiene infantil. Em 1891, José Ignacio Barberi, natural de Bogotá, formado pela Universidade Nacional da Colômbia em 1881, tornou-se o primeiro especialista a lecionar a disciplina de Clínica Infantil. Em 1911, com a cátedra de pediatria da Universidade de Antioquia, nasceu a especialidade nesse departamento e, em 27 de julho de 1917, foi fundada a Sociedade Colombiana de Pediatria, que visa o bem-estar de crianças e adolescentes, suas famílias e a sociedade, para o desenvolvimento da pediatria como disciplina humana (2,3).

Life cycle phases: Literature review and new classification proposal for application in healthcare

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although uncommon in dentistry, the concept of the life cycle holds great importance for dental professionals in identifying crucial intervention opportunities and determining the optimal timing for treatments and procedures. Objective: To carry out a review of the literature on life cycle classifications and their distinct phases, evaluating their applicability in healthcare. Methods: A literature review was performed, searching for articles in PubMed, SciELO, National Health Library (BvB), and Google Scholar databases, as well as relevant books. The keywords "life cycle," "life stages," "human development," "age groups," and "biological age" were used. Relevant articles were selected by analyzing their titles and abstracts, and read in full to confirm their inclusion in the research. Results: Nine distinct life cycle classifications were found, each with unique criteria. Conclusion: Based on the comprehensive literature review, a novel classification was proposed (The 10-phase Life Cycle), which encompasses dental, growth, physiological aging, sociocultural, and behavioral characteristics, aiming to enhance communication among healthcare professionals, particularly those engaged in the growth, development, and aging processes of human beings.

RESUMO Introdução: Embora incomum na Odontologia, o conceito de ciclo vital é de grande importância para ajudar os profissionais dessa área a identificar oportunidades cruciais para intervenções e para determinar o momento ideal para tratamentos e procedimentos. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as classificações do ciclo vital e suas distintas fases, avaliando sua aplicabilidade na área da saúde. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, buscando artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, Biblioteca Nacional de Saúde (BvB) e Google Acadêmico; além de livros relevantes. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave "ciclo vital", "estágios de vida", "desenvolvimento humano", "faixas etárias" e "idade biológica". Os artigos relevantes foram selecionados por meio da análise de seus títulos e resumos e lidos na íntegra para confirmar sua inclusão na pesquisa. Resultados: Nove classificações distintas de ciclo vital foram encontradas, cada uma com critérios únicos. Conclusão: Com base nessa revisão abrangente da literatura, é proposta uma nova classificação (o ciclo vital de 10 fases) que engloba características dentárias, de crescimento, envelhecimento fisiológico, socioculturais e comportamentais, com o objetivo de melhorar a comunicação entre os profissionais da área de saúde, particularmente aqueles envolvidos nos processos de crescimento, desenvolvimento e envelhecimento do ser humano.

Cognitive Reserve in Older Adults: A Cluster Analysis / Reserva Cognitiva em Adultos Idosos: Uma Análise de Cluster

Abstract Cognitive reserve (CR) is a construct generally associated with neurodegenerative diseases in aging. The aim of this paper was to examine the CR profiles of older adults at different stages of their lifespan and evaluate the importance of: (a) gender and CR; and (b) CR, cognition, and symptoms of depression. A sample of 195 older adults volunteered to participate in the study, and a cluster analysis was carried out on their responses in terms of the Cognitive Reserve Scale. The cluster analysis depicted two different profiles. Furthermore, women had a better CR than men. The results provide an important contribution to understanding the variables related to the CR construct.

Resumo A reserva cognitiva (RC) é um construto geralmente associado a doenças neurodegenerativas no envelhecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os perfis de RC em adultos idosos em diferentes estágios da vida, e avaliar o efeito de: (a) gênero e RC; e (b) RC, cognição e sintomas depressivos. A amostra contou com 195 adultos, e uma análise de cluster foi realizada a partir dos escores obtidos na Escala de Reserva Cognitiva. A análise de cluster descreveu dois perfis diferentes. Além disso, as mulheres apresentaram maior RC em comparação aos homens. Os resultados fornecem contribuições importantes para as variáveis relacionadas ao construto da RC.

Correlation between early life exposure to PM 2.5 and risk of autism spectrum disorder among school aged children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the associations between early life exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among school aged children.@*Methods@#A total of 165 children with ASD and 165 age and gender matched typical development (TD) children were recruited. Children s basic information were obtained via questionnaires, and the severity of ASD symptoms was assessed with Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Early life PM 2.5 exposure (preconception, entire pregnancy, and the first two years after birth) were extracted from the Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP) datasets. Conditional Logistic regression and generalized linear model were used to evaluate the associations of early life exposure to PM 2.5 with the risk and the ASD severity symptoms, respectively.@*Results@#The PM 2.5 exposure of ASD group during preconception[(55.08±9.34)μg/m 3], entire pregnancy[(50.44±8.71)μg/m 3], the first year after birth [(45.04± 8.25 )μg/m 3] and the second year after birth [(40.19±7.12)μg/m 3] were significant higher than those in TD children [(47.66± 7.63 , 44.19±7.16, 38.95±6.07, 35.76±5.65)μg/m 3]( t =7.94, 7.13, 7.70, 6.32, P <0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding, each increase of 1 μg/m 3 in PM 2.5 was associated with higher risk of ASD during preconception ( OR=1.21, 95%CI =1.13-1.29), entire pregnancy( OR=1.18, 95%CI =1.11-1.26), the first year after birth ( OR=1.30, 95%CI =1.18-1.43) and the second year after birth ( OR=1.29, 95%CI =1.17-1.42). No similar results were observed regarding the analyses of SRS total and sub scale scores( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#Early life exposure to PM 2.5 is relate to the risk of ASD, these findings indicated that more attention should be paid to ambient PM pollution in the early life prevention and control of ASD.

Effect of parental weight and early life factors on overweight and obesity in children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the association of the risk of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents with their early life factors and parental weight.@*Methods@#From June 1 to June 30 of 2022, the stratified randomized cluster sampling method was used to collect information using questionnaires from 5 370 primary and secondary school students in Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and multivariate analysis were performed using multiple Logistic regression model estimation in a generalized linear model for parental BMI and early life factors in children and adolescents.@*Results@#The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 32.2% , and the prevalence of overweight/obesity among male students was 37.8%, which was higher than that of female students 26.1% χ 2= 84.59 , P <0.01). The results of the multirariate Logistic regression anaysis showed that the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in only paternal overweight ( OR=1.52, 95%CI =1.30-1.77), only maternal overweight ( OR=1.61, 95%CI = 1.31 -1.97), and parentl overweight ( OR=2.42, 95%CI =2.03-2.87)( P <0.05). The risk of overweight/obesity was higher in children with high birth weight ( OR=1.29, 95%CI =1.08- 1.55 ), children born by caesarean section ( OR=1.32, 95%CI =1.17- 1.48 ), and children whose mothers gained excessive weight during pregnancy ( OR=1.24, 95%CI =1.06-1.46), and the results were statistically significant ( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#Overweight parents, excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy, cesarean delivery, and high birth weight are associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. Attention should be paid to these aspects in obesity prevention and control.

Association between early life factors and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the early life factors that influence cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents, so as to provide effective measures to curb cardiometabolic risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes in children and adolescents.@*Methods@#Data were sourced from the 2020 follow up survey of the Xiamen Adolescent Development Cohort. The study involved 1 197 subjects for whom completed anthropometric examination and blood biochemistry testing data, as well as early life data. Early life and sociodemographic data were obtained through questionnaire surveys, while cardiometabolic indicator data were sourced through physical examinations and blood testing. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the impact of early life factors on the cardiometabolic risk factors after adjusting for gender, age, and family history.@*Results@#The prevalence rate of cardiometabolic risk factors clustering in children and adolescents in Xiamen was 17.96%, with boys (26.67%) reporting higher rates than girls (9.64%), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=57.69, P <0.01). For every additional early life risk factor, the risk factors of obesity increased 0.35 times ( OR=1.35, 95%CI=1.03-1.78, P <0.05). Post term pregnancy may be a primary early life risk factors for cardiometabolic risk factors, and it was associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic risk factors clustering (OR=2.45, 95% CI =1.11-5.41) and high triglycerides ( OR=3.25, 95%CI =1.39-7.61)( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Increased cardiometabolic risk factors in youth is associated with early life adverse factors. It is crucial to pay greater attention to post term pregnancy as an early life factor and to consider obesity as a cardiometabolic risk factors. Controlling early life adverse factors is important for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

The Marine Compound Tartrolon E Targets the Asexual and Early Sexual Stages of Cryptosporidium parvum.

New therapeutic agents for cryptosporidiosis are a critical medical need. The marine organic compound, tartrolon E (trtE), is highly effective against multiple apicomplexan parasites, including Cryptosporidium. Understanding the mechanism of action of trtE is required to advance in the drug development pipeline. Here, we validate using Nluc C. parvum parasites for the study of trtE and pinpoint the life stage targeted by trtE. Results show that trtE kills Nluc and wild type C. parvum with equal efficiency, confirming the use of the Nluc C. parvum to study this compound. Results revealed that trtE kills the parasite within an hour of treatment and while the compound has no effect on viability of sporozoites, trtE does inhibit establishment of infection. Targeting treatment at particular life cycle stages demonstrated that trtE is effective against asexual of the parasite but has reduced efficacy against mature sexual stages. Gene expression analysis shows that trtE inhibits the early sexual stage of the parasite. Results from these studies will aid the development of trtE as a therapeutic for cryptosporidiosis.

Evidence and suggestions for establishing vitamin D intake standards in Koreans for the prevention of chronic diseases.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D is produced in the skin during sun exposure and is also ingested from foods. The role of vitamin D needs to be considered in the prevention and management of various diseases. Moreover, since the majority of Koreans spend their days indoors, becoming susceptible to the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The current study aims to prepare a basis for determining dietary reference intake of vitamin D in Korea, by reviewing the evidence against various diseases and risks. MATERIALS/METHODS: Literature published in Korea and other countries between 2014 and 2018 was prioritized based on their study design and other criteria, and evaluated using the RoB 2.0 assessment form and United States Department of Agriculture Nutrition Evidence Library Conclusion Statement Evaluation Criteria. RESULTS: Of the 1,709 studies, 128 studies were included in the final systematic analysis after screening. To set the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D based on the selected articles, blood 25(OH)D levels and indicators of bone health were used collectively. Blood vitamin D levels and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to establish the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D for each stage of the life cycle. The adequate intake levels of vitamin D, according to age and gender, were determined to be in the range of 5-15 µg/day, and the tolerable upper intake level was established at 25-100 µg/day. CONCLUSIONS: The most important variable for vitamin D nutrition is lifestyle. A balanced diet comprising foods with high contents of vitamin D is important, as is vitamin D synthesis after UV exposure. The adequate intake level of vitamin D mentioned in the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI) remained unchanged in the 2020 KDRI for the management of vitamin D nutrition in Koreans.

Walkability and physical activity: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis / Associação entre walkability e atividade física: um protocolo para revisão sistemática e meta-análise

The appropriate area for walking, related to the flow of walking, on the sidewalks and crossing (walka-bility) influences the practice of physical activity. However, there is no evidence of meta-analyses that have evaluated this association. Therefore, this study presents a protocol to assess the association be-tween walkability and physical activity. The systematic review protocol was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and will includes a search in the following databases: PubMed, SPORT-Discus, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane. It will include observational studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal, that assessed the association between walkability in the neighborhood and physical activity. The process of study selection will be conducted independently by two reviewers. The process will start by reading the titles and abstracts of interest, followed by the full reading of the articles through the Rayyan platform. We will assess the methodological and indi-vidual quality across the studies utilizing the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the Chi-Squared test (I2). To test the influence of variables in the meta-analysis results, we will use, whenever possible, the meta-regression technique. The meta-analysis results will be presented as Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, through a random or fixed-effects model, according to estimate of clinical, statistical, and methodological heterogeneity. If possible, stratifications will be performed according to age group, sex, and physical activity levels.With the expected results, we hope that the knowledge will be useful to encourage the implementation of public policies for walkability in the neighborhood to increase physical activity levels

A área adequada para caminhada, relacionada ao fluxo de caminhada, nas calçadas e travessias (walkability) influencia na prática de atividade física. No entanto, não há evidências de meta-análises que tenham avaliado essa associação. Portanto, este estudo apresenta um protocolo para avaliar a as-sociação entre walkability e atividade física. O protocolo de revisão sistemática será realizado seguin-do as recomendações do PRISMA 2020 e incluirá uma busca nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase e Cochrane. Serão incluídos estudos observacionais, transversais e longitudinais, que avaliaram a associação entre walkability na vizinhan-ça e atividade física. O processo de seleção dos estudos será conduzido de forma independente por dois revisores. O processo terá início pela leitura dos títulos e resumos de interesse, seguido da leitura completa dos artigos por meio da plataforma Rayyan. Avaliaremos a qualidade metodológica e in-dividual entre os estudos utilizando a Escala de Newcastle Ottawa (NOS) e o teste Qui-Quadrado (I2). Para testar a influência das variáveis nos resultados da meta-análise, utilizaremos, sempre que possível, a técnica de meta-regressão. Os resultados da meta-análise serão apresentados como Odds Ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95%, por meio de um modelo de efeitos aleatórios ou fixos, de acordo com a estimativa clínica, estatística e metodológica da heterogeneidade. Se possível, serão realizadas estratificações de acordo com faixa etária, sexo e níveis de atividade física. Com os resulta-dos do estudo, esperamos que o conhecimento seja útil para incentivar a implementação de políticas públicas de walkability no bairro para aumentar os níveis de atividade física

Research update on the effect of adverse childhood experience on telomere morphology / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) not only affect individual s physical and mental health but also have adverse intergenerational effects. A growing body of researches focused on biological mechanism of ACEs, among which the emerging role of telomere has gained much attention. This article reviews the association between ACEs and telomere morphology during different developmental stages and the role of telomere in adverse health effects of ACEs. It aims to summarize possible mechanisms underlying negative effects of ACEs.

Physical fitness and early life influencing factors among preschoolers in Guangzhou / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand physical health of pre school children aged 3-6, so as to analyze the early life influencing factors, and to provide a reference for physical health promotion of preschool children.@*Methods@#The method of random sampling was used to select 1 580 preschoolers aged from 3-6 in Guangzhou. National physical health test and questionnaire survey were conducted to assess physical health.@*Results@#The physical fitness pass rate of preschool children was 87.2%, among which the excellent rate was 30.8%. With the increase of age, the rate of good physique of both boys and girls increased. There were statistical differences in body shape indexes (except dermal fold thickness) between male and female children at all ages ( P <0.01). The rate of overweight and obesity was 14.7%, which was higher in boys (17.2%) than in girls (12.0%). There were significant differences between overweight and non overweight obese people( χ 2=4.84，3.96，5.73，4.85， P <0.05). Logistic regression showed that preterm birth was negatively correlated with the rate of good physique of preschool children ( OR=0.81, P <0.05). There was a positive correlation between birth weight greater than gestational age and the rate of physical fitness of preschool children ( OR=1.37, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Preschool children aged 3-6 years old in Guangzhou have poor physical health overall, and the rate of good physical health is related to factors such as preterm gestational week in early life delivery and birth weight greater than the gestational age.

Notes on the biological development of the darkling beetle Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis Seidlitz, 1893 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) / Notas sobre o desenvolvimento biológico do besouro escuro Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis Seidlitz, 1893 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Several endemic species of Blaps occur in Tunisia, and the species Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis has been reported in Moulares (urban zone in west-central Tunisia), where it lives and reproduces in home gardens and old buildings. The aim of this work is to study the life cycle of the darkling beetle, considering both field and laboratory rearing conditions. As a result, the beetle species has different developmental stages (egg, larva, prepupa, pupa, and adult) that last about 15 months. Each year during the same period, adults emerge (early summer) and expire (late autumn), larvae hatch (late summer) and pupate (early summer). There is only one generation per year. Females began laying eggs in late July. The eggs were ovoid, white, and about 2.7 mm in length and 1.5 mm in width. Embryogenesis took an average of nine days. The first instar larvae were at initially only 4.5 mm long and ivory white in color. A brief description of the newly egg hatched larva was provided; thus, the nerve fibers innervating the apical setae in the antennae and ligula were detected. Further light microscopic examination of the embryo before hatching from the egg pointed out that the antennal sensilla are protected during the embryogenesis stage.

Várias espécies endêmicas de Blaps ocorrem na Tunísia, e a espécie Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis foi relatada em Moulares (zona urbana no centro-oeste da Tunísia), onde vive e se reproduz em jardins domésticos e prédios antigos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o ciclo de vida do besouro escuro, considerando as condições de criação em campo e em laboratório. Como resultado, a espécie de besouro tem diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento (ovo, larva, prepupa, pupa e adulto) que duram cerca de 15 meses. Todos os anos, durante o mesmo período, os adultos emergem (início do verão) e expiram (final do outono), as larvas eclodem (final do verão) e se tornam pupas (início do verão). Existe apenas uma geração por ano. As fêmeas começaram a botar ovos no final de julho. Os ovos eram ovóides, brancos, com cerca de 2,7 mm de comprimento e 1,5 mm de largura. A embriogênese demorou em média nove dias. As larvas de primeiro instar tinham inicialmente apenas 4,5 mm de comprimento e uma cor branca marfim. Foi fornecida uma breve descrição da larva recém-eclodida; assim, as fibras nervosas que inervam as cerdas apicais nas antenas e ligulas foram detectadas. Um exame microscópico de luz posterior do embrião antes da eclosão do ovo mostrou que as sensilas antenais são protegidas durante o estágio de embriogênese.

Notes on the biological development of the darkling beetle Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis Seidlitz, 1893 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract Several endemic species of Blaps occur in Tunisia, and the species Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis has been reported in Moulares (urban zone in west-central Tunisia), where it lives and reproduces in home gardens and old buildings. The aim of this work is to study the life cycle of the darkling beetle, considering both field and laboratory rearing conditions. As a result, the beetle species has different developmental stages (egg, larva, prepupa, pupa, and adult) that last about 15 months. Each year during the same period, adults emerge (early summer) and expire (late autumn), larvae hatch (late summer) and pupate (early summer). There is only one generation per year. Females began laying eggs in late July. The eggs were ovoid, white, and about 2.7 mm in length and 1.5 mm in width. Embryogenesis took an average of nine days. The first instar larvae were at initially only 4.5 mm long and ivory white in color. A brief description of the newly egg hatched larva was provided; thus, the nerve fibers innervating the apical setae in the antennae and ligula were detected. Further light microscopic examination of the embryo before hatching from the egg pointed out that the antennal sensilla are protected during the embryogenesis stage.

Resumo Várias espécies endêmicas de Blaps ocorrem na Tunísia, e a espécie Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis foi relatada em Moulares (zona urbana no centro-oeste da Tunísia), onde vive e se reproduz em jardins domésticos e prédios antigos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o ciclo de vida do besouro escuro, considerando as condições de criação em campo e em laboratório. Como resultado, a espécie de besouro tem diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento (ovo, larva, prepupa, pupa e adulto) que duram cerca de 15 meses. Todos os anos, durante o mesmo período, os adultos emergem (início do verão) e expiram (final do outono), as larvas eclodem (final do verão) e se tornam pupas (início do verão). Existe apenas uma geração por ano. As fêmeas começaram a botar ovos no final de julho. Os ovos eram ovóides, brancos, com cerca de 2,7 mm de comprimento e 1,5 mm de largura. A embriogênese demorou em média nove dias. As larvas de primeiro instar tinham inicialmente apenas 4,5 mm de comprimento e uma cor branca marfim. Foi fornecida uma breve descrição da larva recém-eclodida; assim, as fibras nervosas que inervam as cerdas apicais nas antenas e ligulas foram detectadas. Um exame microscópico de luz posterior do embrião antes da eclosão do ovo mostrou que as sensilas antenais são protegidas durante o estágio de embriogênese.

Notes on the biological development of the darkling beetle Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis Seidlitz, 1893 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) / Notas sobre o desenvolvimento biológico do besouro escuro Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis Seidlitz, 1893 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Several endemic species of Blaps occur in Tunisia, and the species Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis has been reported in Moulares (urban zone in west-central Tunisia), where it lives and reproduces in home gardens and old buildings. The aim of this work is to study the life cycle of the darkling beetle, considering both field and laboratory rearing conditions. As a result, the beetle species has different developmental stages (egg, larva, prepupa, pupa, and adult) that last about 15 months. Each year during the same period, adults emerge (early summer) and expire (late autumn), larvae hatch (late summer) and pupate (early summer). There is only one generation per year. Females began laying eggs in late July. The eggs were ovoid, white, and about 2.7 mm in length and 1.5 mm in width. Embryogenesis took an average of nine days. The first instar larvae were at initially only 4.5 mm long and ivory white in color. A brief description of the newly egg hatched larva was provided; thus, the nerve fibers innervating the apical setae in the antennae and ligula were detected. Further light microscopic examination of the embryo before hatching from the egg pointed out that the antennal sensilla are protected during the embryogenesis stage.

Várias espécies endêmicas de Blaps ocorrem na Tunísia, e a espécie Blaps nefrauensis nefrauensis foi relatada em Moulares (zona urbana no centro-oeste da Tunísia), onde vive e se reproduz em jardins domésticos e prédios antigos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o ciclo de vida do besouro escuro, considerando as condições de criação em campo e em laboratório. Como resultado, a espécie de besouro tem diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento (ovo, larva, prepupa, pupa e adulto) que duram cerca de 15 meses. Todos os anos, durante o mesmo período, os adultos emergem (início do verão) e expiram (final do outono), as larvas eclodem (final do verão) e se tornam pupas (início do verão). Existe apenas uma geração por ano. As fêmeas começaram a botar ovos no final de julho. Os ovos eram ovóides, brancos, com cerca de 2,7 mm de comprimento e 1,5 mm de largura. A embriogênese demorou em média nove dias. As larvas de primeiro instar tinham inicialmente apenas 4,5 mm de comprimento e uma cor branca marfim. Foi fornecida uma breve descrição da larva recém-eclodida; assim, as fibras nervosas que inervam as cerdas apicais nas antenas e ligulas foram detectadas. Um exame microscópico de luz posterior do embrião antes da eclosão do ovo mostrou que as sensilas antenais são protegidas durante o estágio de embriogênese.

Epidemiological research progress of adiposity peak and adiposity rebound in early life / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The adiposity peak (AP) and adiposity rebound (AR) are the highest and lowest points of the body mass index (BMI) growth trajectory in early life. They are also the most significant characteristics. Epidemiological studies have reported the timings and BMI magnitudes of AP and AR in different populations worldwide. Others have observed the impacts of prenatal, postpartum, feeding, economic and social factors on the timing and magnitude of them. In addition, longitudinal studies have tracked the health effect of the timing and magnitude of them on many adverse health outcomes in later life. Based on literature reviews, we summarize the global epidemiological characteristics of AP and AR, while identifying pre and early life determinants as well as their possible long term health effects, so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and management of obesity and related chronic diseases. We also highlight current controversies regarding this issue, while outlining directions for future research.

Strengthening researches in early life course risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is rising rapidly and younger and younger people suffer from the obesity problem. Children with obesity are at greater risk of lifelong or even cross generational adverse health consequences. Prevention of childhood obesity is an urgent public health issue. The risk of obesity has been established in the early years of life. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen studies in early life course risk factors. We should not only focus on the matrix in the perinatal period and intrauterine environment factors, but also on postnatal rearing factors, postnatal catch up growth and adiposity rebound.

Intento suicida: un análisis municipal de factores asociados 2012-2017 / Suicide attempt: a municipal analysis of associated factors. 2012-2017 / Tentativa de suicídio: uma análise municipal de fatores associados 2012-2017

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento epidemiológico del intento de suicidio, examinando las diferencias existentes entre el sexo, variables sociodemográficas, psicosociales y específicas durante 2012-2017. Materiales y métodos: un estudio analítico transversal; se incluyeron 524 casos reportados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA) entre 2012 y 2017 en el municipio de Sogamoso. La variable de interés se fundó en el género, los datos fueron procesados y se construyó un modelo de regresión logística binaria con un nivel de confianza de 95% y una precisión del 5%. Resultados: con el modelo de regresión logística bivariada se encontró que la adolescencia y adultez temprana (p<0,05) se asocian significativamente con el género mujer, y con respecto al posible desencadenante, el conflicto de pareja (p 0,05; OR= 2,32). Lo anterior evidencia una interacción con la variable violencia (P<0,05). Por otro lado, el consumo de alcohol se constituyó en una variable asociada significativamente con el género hombre (p<0,05) y un OR= 3,6 con respecto a las mujeres. Conclusiones: se evidencia que las prevalencias ajustadas por edad no muestran una reducción significativa desde el inicio hasta el final del periodo, siendo evidente la concentración en edades tempranas del desarrollo. Los resultados observados en mujeres y hombres revelan una necesidad de capacitación de agentes comunitarios o guardianes (gatekeepers) y el fortalecimiento de centros de escucha y demás estrategias de intervención comunitaria.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the epidemiological behavior of the suicide attempt, examining the differences between gender, sociodemographic, psychosocial and specific variables during 2012-2017. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study including 524 cases reported to the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA for its acronym in Spanish) between 2012 and 2017 in the municipality of Sogamoso. The variable of interest was based on gender, the data were processed, and a binary logistic regression model was built with a confidence level of 95% and an accuracy of 5%. Results: With the bivariate logistic regression model it was found that adolescence and early adulthood (p<0.05) are significantly associated with the female gender, and partner conflict (p<0.05; OR= 2.32); regarding the possible trigger thus evidencing an interaction with the violence variable (P<0.05). On the other hand, alcohol consumption became a variable significantly associated with the male gender (p<0.05) and an OR= 3.6 for females. Conclusions: it is evidenced that the age-adjusted impacts do not show a significant reduction from the beginning to the end of the period, being evident the concentration in early developmental ages. The results observed in women and men reveal a need for training community agents or guardians (gatekeepers) and the strengthening of listening centers and other community intervention strategies.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar o comportamento epidemiológico do intento de suicídio, examinando as diferenças existentes entre o sexo, variáveis sócio demográficas, psicossocial e específicas durante 2012-2017. Materiais e métodos: um estudo analítico transversal; se incluíram 524 casos reportados ao Sistema Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Pública (SIVIGILA) entre 2012 e 2017 no município de Sogamoso. A variável de interesse se fundou no gênero, os dados foram processados e se construiu um modelo de regressão logística binaria com um nível de confiança de 95% e uma precisão o 5%. Resultados: com o modelo de regressão logística bivariada se encontrou que a adolescência e adultos precoces (p<0,05) se associam significativamente com o gênero mulher, e com respeito ao possível desencadeante, o conflito de casais (p<0,05; OR= 2,32). O anterior evidencia uma interação com a variável violência (P<0,05). Por outro lado, o consumo de álcool se constituiu em uma variável associada significativamente com o gênero home (p<0,05) e um OR= 3,6 com respeito às mulheres. Conclusões: Evidenciase que as prevalências ajustadas por idade não amostram uma redução significativa desde o início até o final do período, sendo evidente a concentração em idades precoces do desenvolvimento. Os resultados observados em mulheres e homens revelam uma necessidade de capacitação de agentes comunitários o guardiães (gatekeepers) e o fortalecimento de centros de escuta e também estratégias de intervenção comunitária.